Model Pengukuran Faktor Iklim Keselamatan (Safety Climate) Konstruksi (Studi Kasus Proyek Jalan di Sumatera Barat)
Keywords:
Keselamatan konstruksi, Iklim keselamatan, model pengukuran, Analisis Faktor, Pekerjaan jalanAbstract
Abstrak
Makalah ini bertujuan untuk mempresentasikan pengembangan model penilaian iklim keselamatan (PIK) untuk proyek jalan melalui studi kasus pada proyek konstruksi dan pemeliharaan jalan di Sumatera Barat (SB), Indonesia. Data diperoleh dari survei kuesioner yang dibagikan kepada para pemangku kepentingan di 11 lokasi proyek jalan yang tersebar di lima wilayah di provinsi SB. Empat puluh lima (45) aspek iklim keselamatan dinilai oleh 209 responden yang terdiri dari administrator proyek (perwakilan pemerintah), pihak manajemen kontraktor dan konsultan serta pekerja terdepan proyek. Hasil analisis faktor menunjukkan bahwa 12 variabel yang diamati meliputi tiga konstruk faktor: komitmen dan sumber daya manajemen, prosedur dan kesadaran serta persepsi tentang kemalangan. Faktor-faktor tersebut kemudian divalidasi melalui Analisis Faktor Konfirmatori menggunakan aplikasi Onyx. Hasil PIK menunjukkan bahwa nilai reliabilitas konstruk dan goodness of fit sesuai dengan yang diharapkan. Dengan memahami dan mengetahui variabel yang diamati dari IK yang membentuk faktor IK membantu tim manajemen proyek untuk merancang strategi yang tepat untuk menciptakan lingkungan proyek yang selamat.
Kata-kata kunci: Keselamatan konstruksi, Iklim keselamatan, model pengukuran, analisis faktor, pekerjaan jalan.
Abstract
This paper’s objective is to present the development of safety climate measure (SCM) model for road projects through a case study on the construction and maintanance road projects in West Sumatra (WS), Indonesia. The data obtained from questionnaire survey distributed to stakeholders at 11 road project locations spread over in five regions in WS province. A 45-item safety climate variables was assessed by 209 respondents comprised project administrators (government representatives), contractors’ and consultant’s management as well as the project’s frontline workers. Factor analysis results show that 12 observed variables encompassed three factor constructs: management commitment and resources, procedure and awareness and perception on misfortune. These factor were then validated through Confirmatory Factor Analysis using Onyx application. The results of SCM indicates that the score of reliability construct and goodness of fit are desireble. Understanding and knowing the observed variables of SC constructing SC factors help project management team to design an appropriate strategy in order to create a safety project environment.
Keywords: Construction safety, safety climate, measurement model, factor analysis, road projects.
References
Abdelhamid, T. S., dan Everett, J. G. (2000). Identifying root causes of construction accidents. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 126(1), 52-60.
Alzahrani, J. I., dan Emsley, M. W. (2013). The impact of contractors' attributes on construction project success: A post construction evaluation. International Journal of Project Management, 31(2), 313-322.
Andi, A., Alifen, R. S., dan Chandra, A. (2005). Model persamaan struktural pengaruh budaya keselamatan kerja pada perilaku pekerja di proyek konstruksi. Jurnal Teknik Sipil, 12(3), 127-136.
Awang, Z. (2012). Structural equation modeling using AMOS graphic, Universiti Teknologi MARA Publication Centre, Shah Alam, Malaysia.
Awwad, R., El Souki, O., dan Jabbour, M. (2016). Construction safety practices and challenges in a Middle Eastern developing country. Safety Science, 83, 1-11.
Bagozzi, R. P. (2010). Structural equation models are modelling tools with many ambiguities: Comments acknowledging the need for caution dan humility in their use. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 20(2), 208-214.
Bahari, S. F., dan Clarke, S. (2013). "Cross-validation of an employee safety climate model in Malaysia." Journal of Safety Research, 45, 1-6.
Barbaranelli, C., Petitta, L., dan Probst, T. M. (2015). "Does safety climate predict safety performance in Italy and the USA? Cross-cultural validation of a theoretical model of safety climate." Accident Analysis and Prevention, 77, 35-44.
Belayutham, S., dan Ibrahim, C. K. I. C. (2019). Barriers and strategies for better safety practices: The case of construction SMEs in Malaysia. Construction Economics and Building, 19(1), ID-6331.
Brown, R. L., dan Holmes, H. (1986). "The use of a factor-analytic procedure for assessing the validity of an employee safety climate model." Accident Analysis and Prevention, 18(6), 455-470.
Cheyne, A., Cox, S., Oliver, A., dan Tomas, J. (1998). "Modelling safety climate in the prediction of levels of safety activity." Work and Stress, 12(3), 255-271.
Choudhry, R. M., Fang, D., dan Lingard, H. (2009). Measuring safety climate of a construction company. Journal of construction Engineering and Management, 135(9), 890-899.
Cigularov, K., Lancaster, P. G., Chen, P. Y., Gittleman, J., dan Haile, E. (2013). "Measurement equivalence of a safety climate measure among Hispanic and White Non-Hispanic construction workers." Safety Science, 54, 58-68
Cox, S. dan Cox, T. (1991). The structure of employee attitude to safety: a European example. Work and Stress, 5, 93-106.
Cox, S. dan Flin R. (1998). Safety culture: Philosopher's stone or man of straw? Work and Stress, 12(3), 189-201.
Coyle, I. R., Sleeman, S. D., dan Adams, N. (1995). "Safety Climate." Journal of Safety Research, 26(4), 247-254.
De Saram, D., dan Tang, S. L. (2005). Pain and suffering costs of persons in construction accidents: Hong Kong experience. Construction Management and Economics, 23(6), 645-658.
Fang, D. P., Chen, Y., dan Wong, L. (2006). "Safety climate in construction industry: A case study in Hong Kong." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 132(6), 573-584
Field, A. (2000). Discovering Statistics using SPSS for Windows. London - Thous and Oaks - New Delhi: Sage publications.
Gao, B., Yiu, T., dan Gonzalez, V. (2016). "Predicting safety behavior in the construction industry: Development and test of an integrative model." Safety Science, 84, 1-11.
Gao, R. (2017). Managing construction safety in Chinese international contractors' overseas projects: a case in Vietnam. Doctoral dissertation, Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Hong Kong.
Gao, R., Chan, A. P., Utama, W. P., dan Zahoor, H. (2016). Multilevel safety climate and safety performance in the construction industry: Development and validation of a top-down mechanism. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(11), 1100.
Gao, R., Chan, A. P., Utama, W. P., dan Zahoor, H. (2017). Workers' perceptions of safety climate in international construction projects: Effects of nationality, religious belief, and employment mode. Journal of construction engineering and management, 143(4), 04016117.
Ghasemi, F., Mohammadfam, I., Soltanian, A. R., Mahmoudi, S., dan Zarei, E. (2015). Surprising incentive: an instrument for promoting safety performance of construction employees. Safety and Health at Work, 6(3), 227-232.
Hair, J.F., Jr., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Danerson, R.E. dan Tatham, R.L. (2010), Multivariate data analysis, 7th edn., Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Hamalainen, P., Takala, J., dan Saarela, K. L. (2006). Global estimates of occupational accidents. Safety Science, 44(2), 137-156.
Hon, C. K., Chan, A. P., dan Yam, M. C. (2013). Determining safety climate factors in the repair, maintenance, minor alteration, and addition sector of Hong Kong. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 139(5), 519-528.
Kim, N. K., Rahim, N. F. A., Iranmanesh, M., dan Foroughi, B. (2019). The role of the safety climate in the successful implementation of safety management systems. Safety science, 118, 48-56.
Khosravi, Y., Asilian-Mahabadi, H., Hajizadeh, E., Hassanzadeh-Rangi, N., dan Behzadan, A. H. (2014). Structural modeling of safety performance in construction industry. Iranian journal of public health, 43(8), 1099.
Li, X., Chow, K., Zhu, Y., dan Lin, Y. (2015). "Evaluating the impacts of high-temperature outdoor working environments on construction labor productivity in China: A case study of rebar workers." Building and Environment, 95, 42-52.
Lingard, H. C., Cooke, T., dan Gharaie, E. (2013). "A case study analysis of fatal incidents involving excavators in the Australian construction industry." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 20(5), 488-504.
Man, S. S., Chan, A. H., dan Wong, H. M. (2017). Risk-taking behaviors of Hong Kong construction workers-A thematic study. Safety Science, 98, 25-36.
Mangiring, P. dan Lestari, F., 2018. Construction Project Safety Climate in Indonesia. KnE Life Sciences, 250-259.
Mohamed, S. (2002). "Safety climate in construction site environments." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2002)128:5(375), 375-384.
Mohammadi, A., Tavakolan, M., dan Khosravi, Y. (2018). Factors influencing safety performance on construction projects: A review. Safety Science, 109, 382-397.
Molwus, J. J., Erdogan, B., dan Ogunlana, S. O. (2013). "Sample size and model fit indices for structural equation modelling (SEM): The case of construction management research." Bridge, 338-347.
Netemeyer, R. G., Bearden, W. O., dan Sharma, S. (2003). Scaling procedures: Issues and applications, Sage, Los Angeles.
O'Connor, P., Buttrey, S. E., O'Dea, A., dan Kennedy, Q. (2011). "Identifying and addressing the limitations of safety climate surveys" . Journal of Safety Research, 42(4), 259-265
Oke, A. E., Ogunsami, D. R., dan Ogunlana, S. (2012). "Establishing a common ground for the use of structural equation modelling for construction related research studies." Australasian Journal of Construction Economics and Building, 12(3), 89-94.
Oladinrin, O., dan Ho, C. (2015). "Critical enablers for codes of ethics implementation in construction organizations." Journal of Management in Engineering, 32(1), 4015023.
Pallant, J. (2010). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows (version 10), Open University Press, Philadelphia.
Raheem, A., dan Issa, R. (2016). Safety implementation framework for Pakistani construction industry. Safety Science, 82, 301-314.
Reader, T., Noort, M., Shorrock, S., dan Kirwan, B. (2015). "Safety and frontiers: An international safety culture model." Risk Analysis, 35(5), 770-789.
Seo, D. C., Torabi, M. R., Blair, E. H., dan Ellis, N. T. (2004). A cross-validation of safety climate scale using confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of safety research, 35(4), 427-445.
Shan, M., Chan, A. P., Le, Y., dan Hu, Y. (2015). Investigating the effectiveness of response strategies for vulnerabilities to corruption in the Chinese public construction sector. Science and Engineering Ethics, 21(3), 683-705.
Shannon, H. S., dan Norman, G. R. (2009). "Deriving the factor structure of safety climate scales" . Safety Science, 47(3), 327-329.
Sunindijo, R. Y., dan Zou, P. X. W. (2012). Political Skill for Developing Construction Safety Climate. Journal of Construction Engineering dan Management, 138(5), 605-612.
Takala, J., Hamalainen, P., Saarela, K. L., Yun, L. Y., Manickam, K., Jin, T. W., ... dan Lin, G. S. (2014). Global estimates of the burden of injury and illness at work in 2012. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 11(5), 326-337.
von Oertzen, T., Brandmaier, A. M., dan Tsang, S. (2015). Structural equation modeling with nyx. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 22(1), 148-161.
Wu, C., Song, X., Wang, T.,dan Fang, D. (2015). Core dimensions of the construction safety climate for a standardized safety-climate measurement. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 141(8), 04015018.
Wong, T. K. M., Man, S. S., dan Chan, A. H. S. (2020). Critical factors for the use or non-use of personal protective equipment amongst construction workers. Safety Science, 126, 104663.
Yong, A. G., dan Pearce, S. (2013). A beginner's guide to factor analysis: Focusing on exploratory factor analysis. Tutorials in quantitative methods for psychology, 9(2), 79-94.
Zahoor, H., Chan, A. P., Masood, R., Choudhry, R. M., Javed, A. A.,dan Utama, W. P. (2016). Occupational safety and health performance in the Pakistani construction industry: stakeholders' perspective. International Journal of Construction Management, 16(3), 209-219.
Zahoor, H., Chan, A. P., Utama, W. P., Gao, R., dan Memon, S. A. (2017). "Determinants of safety climate for building projects: SEM-based cross-validation study" . Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 143(6), 05017005
Zhou, Q., Fang, D. P., dan Mohamed, S. (2011). "Safety climate improvement: Case study in a Chinese construction company." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 137(1), 86-95.
Zhou, Q., Fang, D. P., dan Wang, X. (2008). A method to identify strategies for the improvement of human safety behavior by considering safety climate and personal experience. Safety Science, 46(10), 1406-1419
Zohar, D. (1980). "Safety climate in industrial organizations: Theoretical and applied implications." Journal of Applied Psychology, 65(1), 96-102.
Zohar, D. (2010). Thirty years of safety climate research: Reflections and future directions. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 42(5), 1517-1522.
Zou, P. X. W. dan Sunindijo, R. Y. (2013). "Skills for managing safety risk, implementing safety task, and developing positive safety climate in construction project" . Automation in Construction, 34, 92-100.
